Browsing by Author "Lihana, Raphael W."

Browsing by Author "Lihana, Raphael W."

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  • Antiretroviral resistance among HIV-1 patients on first-line therapy attending a comprehensive care clinic in Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya: a retrospective analysis 
    Kinyua, Joyceline G.; Lihana, Raphael W.; Kiptoo, Michael K.; Muasya, Timothy; Odera, Irene; Muiruri, Peter; Songok, Elijah M. (African Field Epidemiology Network, 2018-04-02)
    Introduction: antiretroviral therapy plays a major role in reducing the impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Disease Syndrome, especially in resource-limited settings. However, without proper infrastructure, ...
  • The Changing Trend of HIV Type 1 Subtypes in Nairobi 
    Kiptoo, Michael K.; Lihana, Raphael W.; Khamadi, Samoel A.; Lwembe, Raphael M.; Ochieng, Washingtone; Kinyua, Joyceline G.; Muriuki, Joseph K.; Lagat, Nancy; Osman, Saida; Mwangi, Joseph M.; Okoth, Fredrick A.; Elijah M. Songok (Mary Ann Liebert, 2009)
    Monitoring the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants among infected individuals has become a priority in HIV therapy. A laboratory analysis of samples collected from HIV-positive patients attending an STI clinic ...
  • HIV Type 1 gag genetic diversity among antenatal clinic attendees in North Rift Valley, Kenya 
    Ng'ang'a, Zipporah W.; Nyagaka, Benuel; Kiptoo, Michael K.; Lihana, Raphael W.; Khamadi, Samoel A.; Makokha, Ernest P.; Kinyua, Joyceline G.; Mwangi, Joseph; Osman, Saida; Lagat, Nancy J.; Muriuki, Joseph; Okoth, Vincent; Gicheru, Michael; Songok, Elijah M. (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 2012)
    HIV genetic recombination and high mutation rate increase diversity allowing it to escape from host immune response or antiretroviral drugs. This diversity has enabled specific viral subtypes to be predominant in specific ...
  • HIV Type 1 Subtype Diversity and Drug Resistance among HIV Type 1-Infected Kenyan Patients Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy 
    Kiptoo, Michael K.; Lihana, Raphael W.; Khamadi, Samoel A.; Lubano, Kizito; Lwembe, Raphael; Lagat, Nancy; Kinyua, Joyceline G.; Okoth, Fredrick A.; Songok, Elijah M.; Makokha, Ernest P.; Ichimura, Hiroshi (Mary Ann Liebert, 2009-12-10)
    The treatment of HIV-1 infection with antiretroviral drugs has greatly improved the survival of those who are infected. However, HIV-1 diversity and drug resistance are major challenges in patient management, especially ...
  • HIV Type 1 Subtypes among STI Patients in Nairobi: A Genotypic Study Based on Partial pol Gene Sequencing 
    Kiptoo, Michael K.; Lihana, Raphael W.; Khamadi, Samoel A.; Kinyua, Joyceline G.; Lagat, Nancy; Magoma, Gabriel N.; Mwau, Matilu M.; Makokha, Ernest P.; Onyango, Vincent; Osman, Saida; Okoth, Fredrick A.; Songok., Elijah M. (Mary Ann Liebert, 2006-12)
    Circulating strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exhibit an extraordinary degree of genetic diversity and have been classified on the basis of relationships into distinct lineages called groups, types, subtypes, ...
  • HIV Type 1 Subtypes in Circulation in Northern Kenya 
    Kiptoo, Michael K.; Khamadi, Samoel A.; Ochieng, Washington; Lihana, Raphael W.; Kinyua, Joyceline; Muriuki, Joseph; Mwangi, Joseph; Lwembe, Raphael; Osman, Saida; Lagat, Nancy; Pelle, Roger; Muigai, Anne; Carter, Jane Y.; Oishi, Isao; Ichimura, Hiroshi; Mwaniki, D. L.; Okoth, Fredrick A.; Mpoke, Solomon; Songok, Elijah M. (Mary Ann Liebert, 2005-10-11)
    The genetic subtypes of HIV-1 circulating in northern Kenya have not been characterized. Here we report the partial sequencing and analysis of samples collected in the years 2003 and 2004 from 72 HIV-1-positive patients ...
  • HIV-1 drug resistance-associated mutations among HIV-1 infected drug-naïve antenatal clinic attendees in rural Kenya 
    Ng'ang'a, Zipporah W.; Kiptoo, Michael K.; Brooks, James; Lihana, Raphael W.; Sandstrom, Paul; Kinyua, Joyceline; Lagat, Nancy; Okoth, Fredrick; Songok, Elijah M. (BioMed Central, 2013-11-03)
    Background Access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased dramatically in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya, 560,000 people had access to ART by the end of 2011. This scaling up of ART has raised challenges to the ...
  • Identification of env CRF-10 among HIV Variants Circulating in Rural Western Kenya 
    Kiptoo, Michael K.; Songok, Elijah M.; Lihana, Raphael W.; Genga, Isaiah O.; Kibaya, Rukia; Odhiambo, Frida; Kobayashi, Kana; Ago, Yumi; Ndembi, Nicaise; Okoth, Fredrick; Fujiyama, Yoshihide; Imanishi, Jiro; Ichimura, Hiroshi (Mary Ann Liebert, 2004-07-05)
    As part of a program to determine the genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus in rural Kenya, we carried out a molecular analysis of the C2–V3 region of HIV-infected blood samples obtained from 30 antenatal clinic ...

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