Potential induced degradation (PID) is a performance limiting defect that profoundly impacts the power output of Photovoltaic (PV) modules. PID occurs because of leakage current between the solar cells and the aluminium ...

Electroluminescence (EL) is a useful characterisation tool for the early detection of performance limiting defects such as micro-cracks, unwanted impurities inside photovoltaic (PV) module cells and grain boundaries[1][2]. ...